26 апреля — День нотариата в России

26 апреля в России официально отмечается профессиональных праздник — День нотариата. Он установлен Указом Президента РФ № 195 от 26 апреля 2016 года.

Однако свой праздник появился у российских нотариусов гораздо раньше — в 2007 году дату ежегодного празднования — 27 апреля — утвердили высший орган Федеральной нотариальной палаты и Собрание представителей нотариальных палат субъектов РФ. Выбор праздничной даты связан с тем, что 14 апреля (по старому стилю) 1866 года император Александр II подписал «Положение о нотариальной части». Этот документ учредил должность нотариуса, а нотариат стал самостоятельным общественным институтом с единой структурой нотариальных палат. Согласно Положению 1866 года нотариусы составляли завещания, удостоверяли различные сделки, удостоверяли копии документов.

При утверждении же даты праздника в 2007 году не была учтена особенность перевода дат со старого стиля на новый. В Указе Президента эта ошибка была учтена и избрана исторически точная дата — 26 апреля по новому стилю.

Первые же упоминания о нотариусах в России относятся к 12 веку, что было подтверждено при археологических раскопках в городе Старая Русса Новгородской области в 2010 году, когда была найдена берестяная грамота, по сути являющаяся нотариальным удостоверением. Среди других примеров — Псковская судная грамота 15 века, которая подчеркивает необходимость письменных доказательств в решении имущественных вопросов, а также описывает требования к правильному составлению завещаний, а Белозерская таможенная грамота оговаривает условия оформления сделки купли-продажи.

Уже в то время правильное составление документов и подтверждение их подлинности было возложено на специальных людей. Ими становились княжеские писцы и наместники, священники и подьячие. Оговаривалась и плата, которая взималась за такие услуги. По приказу Екатерины II в 1775 году в России нотариальные функции возложили на суды.

Впрочем, только в 19 веке нотариат оформился как отдельная структура. С этого времени при каждом окружном суде состояли нотариусы, которые назначались председателем Судебной палаты. Чтобы претендовать на эту должность, кандидату необходимо было внести денежный залог и успешно пройти испытания.

Деятельность нотариусов заключалась в основном в защите имущественных прав граждан: составлении актов и свидетельствовании различных документов, утверждении и регистрации действий, связанных с передачей имущества.

Отмена частной собственности после Октябрьской революции обрекла некогда мощный российский нотариат на гибель. Он содержался теперь за счет бюджета: вся пошлина за совершение нотариальных действий поступала в местную казну. В компетенцию нотариуса входило только формальное удостоверение копий документов. Но постепенно перечень нотариальных действий расширялся, в советское время нотариусы вели важную и ответственную работу во многих сферах гражданского оборота.

11 февраля 1993 года Верховный Совет Российской Федерации утвердил основы современного законодательства РФ о нотариате, что стало днем возрождения в России независимого нотариата. На смену государственному пришел частнопрактикующий нотариат с финансовой самостоятельностью и полной имущественной ответственностью, иной внутренней организацией. С тех пор небюджетный нотариат России активно развивается.

До 2016 года День нотариата отмечался неофициально, в рамках профессионального сообщества. Однако поздравления Министерства юстиции РФ в адрес работников российского нотариата, свидетельствуют, что праздник прижился, а сегодня он отмечается уже официально.

Источник опубликования: https://www.calend.ru/holidays/0/0/3002/
Фото из открытых источников интернета

76 комментариев к “26 апреля — День нотариата в России”

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