Час литературного классика «В.В. Вересаев – врач или писатель?»

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В начале ХХ века была популярна шутка, что в России больше всего писателей выпускают медицинские вузы. Викентий Вересаев — еще одно тому подтверждение.

Викентий Вересаев (псевдоним Викентия Викентьевича Смидовича) родился 16 января 1867 г. в Туле в русско-польской семье. Отец из рода польских дворян (по семейной легенде, когда-то давно предки Смидовичей спасли на охоте жизнь польскому королю, за что получили дворянское звание), был врачом, основателем Тульской городской больницы и санитарной комиссии, одним из создателей Общества тульских врачей. Мать организовала в своём доме первый в Туле детский сад. В семье было 8 детей, и все они получили прекрасное образование, вначале домашнее, а потом гимназическое. Викентий начал рано читать, поскольку в доме была собрана прекрасная библиотека.

Учился В. Вересаев в Тульской классической гимназии, учение давалось легко, был «первым учеником». Больше всего преуспевал в древних языках, много читал. В 13 лет начал писать стихи.

В. Вересаев много пишет и много читает, стремясь овладеть «секретами» творчества. В гимназические и первые студенческие годы им было написано около 80 оригинальных стихотворений и переведено свыше 40 поэтических произведений И. Гёте, Г. Гейне, Ф. Шиллера, Т. Кернера, Ф. Горация и др. Время от времени юноша посылал свои стихи в редакции журналов, но неизменно получал отказ, стихи не печатали. Однако первое увидевшее свет стихотворение было одновременно и одним из последних. В. Вересаев ещё 8 мая 1885 года записывает в дневнике: «… Во мне что-то есть, но… это «что-то» направится не на стихи, а на роман и повесть».

Через год вышли первые рассказы молодого писателя «Мерзкий мальчишка» и «Загадка». Уже в это время юноша понял, что литературное творчество является его настоящим призванием. Скромный и застенчивый студент Петербургского университета становится писателем.

В 1888 году, уже кандидатом исторических наук, В. Вересаев поступает в Дерптский (Тартуский) университет, на медицинский факультет.

«Уже в то время моей мечтою было стать писателем, а для этого представлялось необходимым знание биологической стороны человека, его физиологии и патологии; кроме того, специальность врача давала возможность близко сходиться с людьми самых разнообразных слоёв и укладов; для меня это было особенно нужно, так как характер у меня замкнутый, схожусь с людьми трудно».

После окончания Дерптского университета в 1894 году В. Вересаев приезжает в Тулу заниматься врачебной практикой. Убедившись в том, что даже хорошая (по тем временам) теоретическая подготовка не позволяет заниматься самостоятельной врачебной деятельностью, отправляется в Петербург, где устраивается сверхштатным ординатором в барачной больнице для острозаразных больных им. С.П. Боткина. «Сверхштатным» означало много работать и ничего не получать.

Осенью 1894 года заканчивает большую повесть «Без дороги», напечатанную в «Русском богатстве». «Без дороги» – это повесть о поколении, «ужас и проклятие» которого в том, что «у него ничего нет». «Без дороги, без путеводной звезды оно гибнет невидно и бесповоротно…». Повесть написана в форме исповеди-дневника молодого врача Дмитрия Чеканова, тщетно пытавшегося претворить в жизнь свои мечты о служении народу. Он отказался от научной карьеры, от обеспеченного и уютного дома, бросил всё и пошёл на земскую службу. Земское начальство, однако, невзлюбило гордого и независимого доктора, и он «должен был уйти, если не хотел», чтобы ему «плевали в лицо…». Повесть открыла цикл произведений В. Вересаева, посвящённых настроениям русской интеллигенции, – «Поветрие» (1898), «Лизар» (1899) и «На повороте» (1902).

Книгу о работе доктора «Записки врача» Викентий Вересаев написал в 1901 году. Биографическая повесть рассказывала о практике молодого врача, его столкновении с неромантичной реальностью, об экспериментах на людях и врачебной этике. Хотя «Записки» и шокировали публику, произведение быстро стало популярным у читателей, а Викентий Вересаев — известным в литературной среде.

«Врач — если он врач, а не чиновник врачебного дела — должен прежде всего бороться за устранение тех условий, которые делают его деятельность бессмысленной и бесплодной, он должен быть общественным деятелем в самом широком смысле слова».

Большую известность В. Вересаеву принесли «Записки врача», опубликованные в журнале «Мир Божий». «Записки врача» – биографическая повесть об экспериментах на людях и о столкновении с их чудовищной реальностью молодого врача. «Врач – если он врач, а не чиновник врачебного дела – должен, прежде всего, бороться за устранение тех условий, которые делают его деятельность бессмысленной и бесплодной, он должен быть общественным деятелем в самом широком смысле слова». Работая над книгой, В. Вересаев штудировал медицинскую литературу и периодику, протоколы научных медицинских обществ, письма врачей, статистические отчёты, материалы врачебных съездов. В итоге была создана впечатляющая объективная картина состояния не только современной медицины, но и общества в целом. Немалое место в ней занимают вопросы обучения профессии, ярко описываются переживания студента-медика. В работе, осуждавшей медицинские эксперименты на людях, проявилась также моральная позиция писателя, выступавшего против любых экспериментов на людях, в том числе и против социальных экспериментов, кто бы их ни проводил – бюрократы или революционеры. Резонанс был настолько силён, что сам император велел принять меры и прекратить медицинские эксперименты на людях.

Вскоре после этого Л. Толстой предложил В. Вересаеву стать его лечащим врачом, но Викентий Викентьевич посчитал, что не имеет права лечить такого гениального человека. В. Вересаев побывал в Ясной Поляне у Л. Толстого. Но не как врач, а как приглашённый молодой писатель. В своих воспоминаниях

В. Вересаев рассказывал, что пришлось долго ждать в приёмной, и чувствовал он себя во время встречи как студент, которого экзаменовали в вопросах философии и мировоззрения. Со временем, по словам В. Вересаева, вся муть ощущений и эмоций осела, и он смог увидеть снежную вершину, которая перед ним тогда засияла во всём своём блеске. Один из первых вопросов, который задал Л. Толстой: есть ли дети? И, услышав отрицательный ответ, как бы потупился и внутренне отдалился. Вересаев уехал с ощущением недопонятости.

Буквально каторжный труд шахтера описывает Вересаев в очерке «В подземном царстве».

«… По проходу, — читаем мы, — быстро, как кошка, прополз на четвереньках рабочий, таща за собой на веревке нагруженные углем санки. Это — «саночник»; всю свою двенадцатичасовую упряжку он ползет взад и вперед по норе в двадцать пять сажен длиною, отвозя на себе уголь из лавы в продольную, где вагонщики нагружают этот уголь в вагончики; человек обращается в четвероногое».

Не менее тяжки были и бытовые условия жизни трудовых масс. Суровая картина предстала перед доктором из «Записок врача», когда он посетил больную работницу на дому. Его пациентка с двумя детьми занимала угол в комнате — семь шагов в длину и шесть в ширину. И жило здесь шестнадцать человек! В комнате было настолько мало воздуха, что лампа чадила. Тяжелый и как будто влажный воздух был полой кислым запахом детских испражнений, махорки, керосина.

Деятельность В. Вересаева обращает на себя внимание властей. В апреле 1901 года у него на квартире производят обыск, его увольняют из больницы, а в июне постановлением министра внутренних дел ему запрещают в течение двух лет жить в столичных городах. В. Вересаев уезжает в родную Тулу, где находится под надзором полиции. Но и там активно участвует в работе местной социал-демократической организации. Когда срок высылки закончился, В. Вересаев переехал в Москву.

Тёплые отношения сложились у В. Вересаева с А. Чеховым. Особенно тесно они общались после 1902 года, когда В. Вересаев уехал в Ялту. Местная общественность чествовала его как автора взбудораживших всю Россию «Записок врача».

О том, что бедняк был лишен элементарной медицинской помощи, пишет и Вересаев.

 «Медицина есть наука о лечении людей, — читаем мы в «Записках врача». — Так оно выходило по книгам, так оно выходило и по тому, что мы видели в университетских клиниках. Но в жизни оказывалось, что медицина есть наука о лечении лишь богатых и свободных людей. По отношению ко всем остальным она являлась лишь теоретической наукой о том, как можно было бы вылечить их, если бы они были богаты и свободны».

Подобно Чехову, и Вересаев рассказывает о мрачных картинах народного бедствия — голоде, неурожаях, эпидемиях. Так разными средствами художественного и публицистического воздействия рассказали Чехов и Вересаев о тяжких условиях жизни трудящихся в дореволюционной России. В этом их большая заслуга перед народом.

Личное общение В. Вересаева с А. Чеховым продолжилось в активной переписке, где больше затрагивались медицинские вопросы. А. Чехов советовался с В. Вересаевым относительно своего здоровья. И писал, что В. Вересаев – единственный врач, который может чётко и прямо сказать о положении вещей.

В 1904 году, во время Русско-японской войны, Вересаева призвали на военную службу и как военврача отправили в Маньчжурию. Он нес службу в тяжелейших условиях, не раз ему приходилось оперировать буквально на передовой. Вернулся с войны В. Вересаев лишь в начале 1906 года. Был награждён орденом Св. Анны и орденом Св. Станислава II степени.

С увлечением занимался В. Вересаев и переводами. Ещё в гимназические годы он проявил интерес к философии и поэзии древних греков, обострившийся в конце 1900-х годов, что было связано с разрабатывавшейся им тогда теорией «живой жизни». Путешествие в 1910 году по Греции утвердило писателя в мысли, что мироощущение древних греков как раз и воплощало радостное единение человека с окружающей его природой. Он вновь, как и в юности, увлёкся переводами (в 1912 году вышли в свет его переводы «Из Гомеровых гимнов») и до конца жизни не расставался с эллинской поэзией.

Когда в 1917 году Россию потряс новый революционней взрыв, В. Вересаев не остался в стороне: он принимает па себя обязанности председателя художественно-просветительной комиссии при Совете рабочих депутатов в Москве, задумывает издание дешёвой «Культурно-просветительной библиотеки». В 1928 – 1929 годах В. Вересаев опубликовал в 12 томах полное собрание своих сочинений и переводов.

Горький считал В. В. Вересаева талантливым писателем-демократом и верным товарищем по оружию. В своем письме от 3 июня 1923 года А. М. Горький признается В. В. Вересаеву, что видит в нем «спутника, коего привык уважать и за твердость шага и неуклонность со своей тропы…»

В конце 30-х годов начинают печататься его рассказы о детях, как потом оказалось, что это были начальные главы из его воспоминаний, открывавшиеся описаниями детских лет писателя. Последний из рассказов был опубликован в газете «Пионерская правда» буквально за несколько дней до смерти Вересаева.

Последней книгой В. Вересаева, своего рода книгой итогов, стало весьма своеобразное в жанровом отношении произведение, названное им «Без плана». Писатель так и не успел полностью завершить работу над ним. Замысел книги возник в середине 20-х годов. В. Вересаев отдал ей двадцать лет из шестидесяти, посвящённых литературе, и вложил в неё весь свой писательский опыт. «Без плана» – по сути, книга всей его жизни: многие страницы почти дословно воспроизводят заметки из дневников и записных книжек ещё 80 – 90-х годов прошлого века, а последние строки относятся к 1945 году, к году смерти писателя. Книга должна была состоять из трёх циклов: «Невыдуманные рассказы о прошлом», «Литературные воспоминания» и «Записи для себя». Её жанр определён в подзаголовке так: «Мысли, заметки, сценки, выписки, воспоминания, из дневника и т.п.». Их сотни, сотни документальных новелл и миниатюр – от довольно крупных мемуарных очерков до совсем коротеньких рассказов, просто отдельных наблюдений и замечаний автора порой всего в несколько строк, – спаянных в единое произведение. Появление такого жанра в творческой биографии В. Вересаева вполне логично, больше того – это итог определения писателем Осенью 1942 года В. Вересаев писал в дневнике:

 «Мне кажется, я мог бы быть крупным писателем, если бы имел другой темперамент. По склонности я – кабинетный учёный, мне бы сидеть у себя в кабинете с книгами, больше мне ничего не надо. В жизнь меня не тянет…  А писательская моя сила – именно в связанности с жизнью. Часто, когда слушаю рассказы бывалого человека об его жизни… я думаю: «Эх, мне бы это пережить, – что бы я сумел дать!».

Вот так, трезво учитывая особенности своего дарования, свои сильные и слабые стороны, В. Вересаев упорно искал собственную дорогу к правде в искусстве. И нашёл её в жесткой документальности изображения. своей художнической индивидуальности.

Вплоть до дня смерти он поглощён работой: переводит, продолжает заниматься книгой «Без плана», полон новых замыслов. Упорно доискиваясь правды в вопросах, которые его волновали, В. Вересаев, завершая свой творческий путь, по праву мог сказать о себе:

«Да, на это я имею претензию – считаться честным писателем».

3 июня 1945 года В. Вересаева не стало. Он умер в тот день, когда закончил редактировать «Илиаду». Изданы были переводы уже после смерти писателя: «Илиада» – в 1949, а «Одиссея» – в 1953.

В. Вересаев всегда был скромен. Лучшие его произведения явились живительной влагой для всех, кто посвятил себя народу и революции. На долгом и трудном писательском пути он порой ошибался, но никогда не лгал, не заключал сделок с совестью, а честно искал правду.

… Писатель и врач Вересаев, всю свою жизнь отдал служению народу, литературе, медицине. Вторая профессия помогла ему глубже и проникновенно понять и изобразить в своих произведениях человека, свой народ.

Награды Викентия Вересаева

Пушкинская премия Академии наук (1919) — за переводы древнегреческой поэзии
Сталинская премия первой степени (1943) — за многолетние выдающиеся достижения

Творчество Викентия Вересаева

Романы

1923 — «В тупике», в 30-е годы изымался из библиотек
1933 — «Сестры».

Драмы

1918 — «В священном лесу».
1935 — «Последние дни» (в соавторстве с М. А. Булгаковым).

Повести

1894 — «Без дороги», 1897 — «Поветрие», 1899 — «Два конца», 1901 — «На повороте»,
1906 — 1907 — «На японской войне», 1908 — «К жизни», 1927 — «Исанка»

Рассказы

1887 — 1895 — «Загадка», 1889 — «Порыв», 1897 — «К спеху», 1892 — «Товарищи»,
1899 — «Лизар», 1900 — «Ванька», 1900 — «На эстраде», 1902 — «Встреча», 1902 — «Мать»,
1903 — «Звезда», 1903 — «Перед завесою», 1905 — «Враги», 1906 — «Исполнение земли»,
1915 — «Случай», 1915 — «Дедушка», 1919 — «Состязание», 1926 — «Собачья улыбка»,
1942 — «Княгиня», 1943 — «Всю жизнь отдала», 1945 — «Невыдуманные рассказы о прошлом»

Литературоведение

1910 — «Живая жизнь. О Достоевском и Льве Толстом»

Документальные произведения

1925 — 1926 — «Пушкин в жизни», 1933 — «Гоголь в жизни», 1937 — «Спутники Пушкина»

Воспоминания

1900 — «Записки врача», 1927 — «В юные годы», 1929 — «В студенческие годы»
1929 — «Литературные воспоминания»

Память о Викентии Вересаеве

В 1958 году в Туле установлен памятник писателю, а в 1992 году открыт Дом-музей В. В. Вересаева.

С 2016 году Городская клиническая больница в Москве (бывшая № 81) носит имя В. В. Вересаева.

Вересаев в топонимике

Вересаево — село в Сакском районе Крыма было названо в честь Викентия Вересаева в 1948 году.

Улица имени Викентия Вересаева в Туле — бывшая Техническая (в Центре), переименованная в 1989 году. До этого в городе существовала улица имени Вересаева, располагавшаяся в 2 км от улицы, носящей сейчас имя писателя. Она исчезла в результате перестройки кварталов.

Улица Вересаева — улица в Москве на территории района «Можайский» Западного административного округа.

Улица Вересаева в городах: Ростов-на-Дону, Новосибирск, Богородицк, Донецк, Запорожье, Феодосия, Коктебель.

Спасибо за внимание. До новых встреч.

659 комментариев к “Час литературного классика «В.В. Вересаев – врач или писатель?»”

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