30 декабря 1905 — 115 лет назад родился Даниил Хармс, советский писатель, поэт, прозаик

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Долгое время официально его главные произведения в СССР не издавались. До времен перестройки его творчество ходило из рук в руки и в самиздате, а также издавалось за рубежом. Только к середине 1990-х годов Хармс занимает место одного из главных представителей русской художественной словесности 1920–1930-х годов.

Даниил Иванович Хармс (настоящая фамилия – Ювачёв) родился (17) 30 декабря 1905 года в Санкт-Петербурге. Отец его, в бытность морским офицером, был привлечен к суду в 1883 году за соучастие в народовольческом терроре, провел 4 года в одиночной камере и более 10 лет на каторге, где написал ряд произведений мемуарного и мистического характера. Мать, дворянка, заведовала в 1900-е годы приютом для бывших каторжанок в Петербурге.

Получив образование в Санкт-петербургской привилегированной немецкой школе, Даниил приобрел основательное знание немецкого и английского языков. С 1925 года целиком отдался писательскому труду, занимаясь интенсивным самообразованием с особым уклоном в философию и психологию.

Он быстро приобрел скандальную известность в кругах литераторов-авангардистов под псевдонимом, которым стало множественное число английского слова «harm» – «напасти».

С самого начала в его творчестве преобладает игровая установка. С 1928 по 1941 год Хармс выпустил около 20 детских книг. Эти сочинения дают своеобразный выход его игровой стихии, но, как о том свидетельствуют его дневники и письма, писались они исключительно для заработка, и особого значения автор им не придавал. Печатались они стараниями С.Я. Маршака, но отношение к ним советской официальной критики было негативным.

В 1931 году его не напечатанные произведения были расценены как «поэзия классового врага», он был арестован и сослан в Курск. В 1932 году ему удалось вернуться в Ленинград. Характер его творчества меняется: поэзия отходит на задний план, уступая первенство прозе. На месте лирического героя – затейника, заводилы и чудодея появляется нарочито наивный рассказчик-наблюдатель, беспристрастный до цинизма.

Последние рассказы писателя («Рыцари», «Упадание», «Помеха», «Реабилитация») проникнуты ощущением полной безысходности, всевластия полоумного произвола, жестокости и пошлости. В августе 1941 года он был арестован за «пораженческие высказывания».

2 февраля 1942 года Даниил Хармс умер в тюрьме от истощения во время блокады Ленинграда.

Источник опубликования: https://www.calend.ru/persons/280/
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